The structure of the central nervous system of insects in general is strongly conserved, and its morphology and ultrastructure barely change during dramatic changes in body size 10. ( Q) phylogeny of the studied insects and their characteristic numbers of nuclei in the brain (NN), percentage of brain volume occupied by the neuropil (RNV), percentage of the body volume occupied by the brain (RBV), and body length in mm (BL): the values are partially taken from previously published studies 1, 3, 4, 10, 23, 24 bn brain neuropil, cbr cell body rind, nu nuclei of brain cells. ( G) Anaphes silesicus ( H) Trichogramma evanescens ( I), T. ( A– J) Sections of the head in species with anucleate neurons ( A– E) and with well-developed cell body rinds ( F– J) ( A– C, F– H) bright-field microscopy, toluidine blue and pyronine ( D, E, I, J) fluorescence microscopy, Dapi ( A, B, D, J) sagittal sections ( C, F– G) frontal sections ( E, I) transverse sections ( K– P) 3D reconstructions of the brain (nuclei gray and non-transparent, neuropil semitransparent) ( K, M, O) frontal view ( L, N, P) lateral view ( A, D, K, L) Camptoptera ( Camptoptera) sp.

Structure of the brain and its main morphometric characteristics in various Hymenoptera. The aim of this study was to examine the structure of the brain in some of the smallest insects of the family Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) and determine whether they possess anucleate neurons. However, anucleate neurons are known to date only in representatives of the genus Megaphragma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), but it remained unclear how common this phenomenon is among other insects. The survival of axons separated from the cell bodies of neurons has been described for cell cultures 8. In the miniature dwarf males of the cycliophoran Symbion pandora, lysis of the nuclei has been described in various tissues 7. Anucleate cells have been described in various tissues of animals 5, including insects 6. This phenomenon was subsequently found also in other species of the same genus 2, 3 and the process of denucleation was studied 4. The unique phenomenon of the lysis of the cell bodies and nuclei of the neurons in the brain was first described in one of the smallest insects, the parasitic wasp Megaphragma polilovi 1.

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